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Philosophers and literary scholars conducted research on Russian authors and found many central existentialist ideas were developed in Russian literature independently and often earlier than in Western philosophy. For example, Dostoevsky in the 19th century already anticipated the absurdity of human existence, impossibility of consistent rational explanation of life. Bulgakov explored the problem of freedom of choice and responsibility for decisions. Petrushevskaya showed chaos of being and people's attempts to find meaning in meaninglessness. Research shows Russian literature rooted in particular Russian historical and philosophical tradition developed more radical vision of human existence than Western existentialism. This allows revaluation of Russian literature's place in global intellectual history, recognizing it not simply as influence of Western thought but as original contribution to modern philosophy.